Energy+Transformations


 * Introduction:**
 * Energy is the capacity to do work
 * The unit of energy is a calorie
 * A calorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
 * A food Calorie equals 1000 calories
 * The rate at which electrical energy is used is measured by watts
 * Example: 100 watt light bulb uses twice as much energy as a 50 watt light bulb
 * Fuels are sources of energy
 * Electrical energy can be transmitted through conductors such as metal wires
 * It can also be produced by other sources
 * Other sources of energy include hydroelectric energy and nuclear energy
 * Hydroelectric energy is electricity produced by the power of flowing water
 * Water in motion has kinetic energy which can be transformed into electricity
 * Hydroelectric energy is clean and inexpensive
 * Nuclear energy is the energy storied in the nucleus of an atom
 * When the energy is released, it creates heat which can be used to produce electricity

1) Kinds of Energy 2) Forms of Energy 3) Energy Transformation
 * D 1.** //**Describe the effects of adding energy to matter in terms of the motion of atoms and molecules, and the resulting phase changes.**//
 * Potential Energy is stored energy that an object has because of its position or its chemical composition
 * Example: a rock on a cliff top because of its position
 * Example: lump of coal because of its composition
 * Kinetic Energy is energy that an object has when it is moving
 * Example: a rock falling off the cliff
 * Example: heat giving off from burning a lump of coal
 * Potential energy may be changed to kinetic energy when motion is produced
 * Example: water held back from a dam has potential energy, when it is released, the potential energy is changed to kinetic energy
 * Bill Nye on Types of Energy: [] ~multimedia 1
 * Mechanical energy is the energy with which moving objects perform work
 * Chemical energy is energy stored in certain substances because of their chemical makeup
 * Magnetic energy is present in certain objects that is rich in iron
 * Nuclear energy is the energy stored within the nucleus of an atom
 * Other forms of energy include sound, heat, light, and electricity
 * Energy can be transformed from one form into another
 * Example: chemical energy in gasoline is changed into mechanical energy that turns the wheel of the bus.
 * Provides heat, light, electricity and motion
 * 4 states of matter:
 * Solid: atoms are tightly packed together with a definite shape and volume.
 * Liquid: atoms move around more and tend to “flow”. No definite shape but has a fixed volume.
 * Gas: atoms are really spread out and have no definite shape or volume.
 * Plasma: is ionized gas which only exists in space. The atoms are positively charged and share space with free negatively charged elections. Plasma can conduct electricity and interact strongly with electric and magnetic fields.
 * More information on states of matter []~multimedia #4
 * [[image:http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/outerplanets/images_spacejunk/thumbs/state_diagram.jpg]]
 * Usually, when energy is added to a substance, the current state of matter is changed
 * Example: Heat added to water will make the water go from a liquid to gas
 * Example: Heat added to ice will make the ice go from solid to liquid
 * When molecules or atoms are heated, they move around more which results in phase change. Less movement equals the state of solid, more movements equals the state of gas.
 * Energy of fossil fuels, solar radiation, or nuclear fuels can be converted into other energy forms such as electrical, propulsive, or heating that are most useful to us
 * Often, machines are used to transform energy
 * Processes which convert heat into other forms of energy are inefficient

4) Types of Heat Transformation Simple Series Circuit **–** Consists of three basic elements: a source of electricity, usually a battery or a wall outlet, a path or conductor for the electricity to move through (wire), and an electrical resistor, such as a light bulb, that requires electricity to function. Electricity emits from the positive side of the source, travels along the wire, through the resistors, and back into the negative side of the source. Voltage **–** (sometimes also called //electric// or //electrical tension//) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit, expressed in volts. (Cite: Wikipedia) Current **–** The flow of electrical charge, measured in amperes (amps). An ampere is equal to the flow of one coloumb (the International Standard of electric charge) of charge per second. Resistance **–** The degree to which an object opposes an electrical current through it. Pretty much, the amount of electricity it uses up.
 * D 2.** **//Explain how energy is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.//**
 * Convection is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter
 * Example: Heat leaves the coffee cup as the current of steam and air
 * Transfer of heat energy is in a gas or liquid by movement of currents
 * Conduction is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle
 * It is the transfer and distribution of heat energy from atom to atom within a substance
 * Example: a spoon in a cup of hot soup become warmer because the heat from the soup is conducted along the spoon
 * Conduction is most effective in solids, but can occur in liquids
 * Radiation is electromagnetic waves that directly transport energy through space
 * Sunlight is a form of radiation that is radiation through space to our planet
 * Radiation does no use the aid of fluids or solids
 * Energy travels through nothingness
 * Since there are no fluids in space, convection is not responsible for transferring the heat
 * D 3. //Describe energy transformations among heat, light, electricity and motion.//**
 * Energy is transformed from heat and light through conduction, convection and radiation
 * Energy transformation from electricity and motion is not through conduction, convection and radiation
 * Potential energy may be changed to kinetic energy when motion is produced
 * See Above
 * D 4.** **//Explain the relationship among voltage, current and resistance in a simple series circuit.//**

Incandescence – The release of electromagnetic radiation, usually visible, due to temperature. The filament of such a bulb is electrically heated to incandescence, and heat and visible light are emitted. The inside of the bulb is airtight to prevent oxidation of the filament, which would rapidly destroy it.
 * D 5. //Explain how electricity is used to produce heat and light in incandescent bulbs and heating elements.//**

Current in conductor makes magnetic field In Diagrams: = current flowing away from you, = current flowing towards you e.g. ~ Right-hand Rule: If you hold a current with your right hand, thumb pointing in the direction of current flow, your fingers will curl in the direction of the magnetic field. e.g. Temporary Magnetic Field mixed with Permanent Magnetic Field When the magnetic field created by a current is placed in a permanent field, the fields combine to form a field like the one below. There is also a resulting force on the conductor. The force on the conductor is greatest when the current runs perpendicular to the permanent magnetic field. Also, there is no force on the conductor if the current runs parallel with the magnetic field. Interactions Between Two Temporary Magnetic Fields Two parallel conductors with currents flowing in the same direction will be attracted to one another. If the two parallel conductors have currents flowing in opposite directions, the two currents will repel one another.
 * D 6.** //**Describe the relationship between current and magnetism.**//

Turbine – A rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow. Turbines are driven by the flow of gas heated by the combustion of natural gases, the combustion of coal, utilization of green energy, or output from nuclear energy. They are part of heat engines. Heat engine – a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. This creates kinetic energy, which is used to drive a generator. This past year: University of Utah scientists found a way to turn heat to sound, and then electricity. This is still in production, funded by the US Army. Visual aid []
 * D 7.** **//Explain how heat is used to generate electricity.//**


 * D 8.** **//Describe the availability, current uses and environmental issues related to the use of fossil and nuclear fuels to produce electricity.//**
 * Fossil Fuels:
 * The main energy sources used to produce electricity are the fossil fuels
 * They are formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived and died long time ago- the organic remains were changed into energy-rich substances
 * Examples are oil, coal and natural gases
 * Oil is a sticky black liquid usually found trapped within rock layers underground
 * Coal is a black rock that occurs in layers between other rock layers
 * Natural gas is commonly found underground with oil deposits.
 * Fossil fuels have other uses besides produces electricity: heating homes, powering automobiles, cooking, etc
 * There are many environmental issues with fossil fuels:
 * The burning of fossil fuels creates air pollution
 * When fossil fuels are burned, chemicals are released into the air that pose dangers to living things-this is the main cause of acid rain
 * Transportation of oil and natural gas can lead to accidental oil spills and kill marine wildlife
 * Pipelines built to transport oil and gas over land may alter the ecology of areas
 * The burning of any fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide which is a green house gas that traps heat to the earth’s atmosphere which leads to global warming
 * Environmental issues with coal:
 * Coal mining is dangerous
 * Smoke from coal-burning power plants is the main cause of acid rain which is harmful to ecology of lakes and forests
 * Breathing air containing coal dust can lead to black lung disease
 * Mining coal also destroys landscape and forests


 * Environmental issues with nuclear energy:
 * Nuclear power plants use water from nearby lakes to cool reactors which returns water to the environment several degrees warmer
 * The increase in temperature is called thermal pollution can be harmful to organisms living in the water
 * The used-up uranium fuel, known as nuclear waste, is poisonous and radioactive to the environment when dispose


 * D 9.** **//Describe the availability, current uses and environmental issues related to the use of hydrogen fuel cells, wind and solar energy to produce electricity.//**
 * Solar Energy
 * Advantages:
 * Does not cause pollution and is clean and renewable
 * Disadvantages
 * Expensive to convert into usable form
 * Not always reliable because it depends on the weather
 * Wind Energy
 * Advantages:
 * Does not cause pollution and is clean, inexpensive and renewable
 * Disadvantages
 * Not practical for large scale power generation
 * Not always reliable given winds are not always constant
 * Hydrogen Fuel Cells
 * Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electricity-it produces electricity from various external quantities of fuel (anode side) and oxidant (cathode side)
 * These react in the presence of an electrolyte
 * A hydrogen cell uses hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidant
 * The fuel cells break apart a molecule of hydrogen into electrons and protons
 * Two plates are connected by a wire with an electrolyte sandwiched in between
 * Hydrogen is supplied to one plate and oxygen to the other
 * They try to bond but only the proton of the hydrogen atom can pass through the membrane
 * The unification of the hydrogen proton and electron creates water and a small amount of heat
 * Advantages
 * There is plenty of hydrogen in the air
 * It does not pollute the atmosphere
 * Have simple construction
 * Disadvantages
 * Fuel cells are very expensive
 * Prototype fuel cells only last 1/5th as long as needed to make fuel cells cost-effective
 * Costs more to produce hydrogen than is earned by using hydrogen in fuel cells
 * Electricity generated by fuel cells in cars cost thousands of dollars per kilowatt